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Author |
Dáder, B.; Gwynn-Jones, D.; Moreno, A.; Winters, A.; Fereres, A. |
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Title |
Impact of UV-A radiation on the performance of aphids and whiteflies and on the leaf chemistry of their host plants |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Photochem. Photobiol. B |
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Volume |
138 |
Issue |
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Pages |
307-316 |
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Keywords |
Amino Acids/analysis; Animals; Aphids/*radiation effects; Capsicum/metabolism/parasitology/radiation effects; Carbohydrates/analysis; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Female; Fertility/radiation effects; Hemiptera/*radiation effects; Mass Spectrometry; Phenols/analysis/chemistry; Plant Leaves/metabolism/parasitology/radiation effects; Plants/parasitology/*radiation effects; Proteins/analysis; Solanum melongena/metabolism/parasitology/radiation effects; Time Factors; *Ultraviolet Rays; Eggplant; Insect pests; Pepper; Plant-insect interactions; UV-blocking covers |
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Abstract |
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation directly regulates a multitude of herbivore life processes, in addition to indirectly affecting insect success via changes in plant chemistry and morphogenesis. Here we looked at plant and insect (aphid and whitefly) exposure to supplemental UV-A radiation in the glasshouse environment and investigated effects on insect population growth. Glasshouse grown peppers and eggplants were grown from seed inside cages covered by novel plastic filters, one transparent and the other opaque to UV-A radiation. At a 10-true leaf stage for peppers (53 days) and 4-true leaf stage for eggplants (34 days), plants were harvested for chemical analysis and infested by aphids and whiteflies, respectively. Clip-cages were used to introduce and monitor the insect fitness and populations of the pests studied. Insect pre-reproductive period, fecundity, fertility and intrinsic rate of natural increase were assessed. Crop growth was monitored weekly for 7 and 12 weeks throughout the crop cycle of peppers and eggplants, respectively. At the end of the insect fitness experiment, plants were harvested (68 days and 18-true leaf stage for peppers, and 104 days and 12-true leaf stage for eggplants) and leaves analysed for secondary metabolites, soluble carbohydrates, amino acids, total proteins and photosynthetic pigments. Our results demonstrate for the first time, that UV-A modulates plant chemistry with implications for insect pests. Both plant species responded directly to UV-A by producing shorter stems but this effect was only significant in pepper whilst UV-A did not affect the leaf area of either species. Importantly, in pepper, the UV-A treated plants contained higher contents of secondary metabolites, leaf soluble carbohydrates, free amino acids and total content of protein. Such changes in tissue chemistry may have indirectly promoted aphid performance. For eggplants, chlorophylls a and b, and carotenoid levels decreased with supplemental UV-A over the entire crop cycle but UV-A exposure did not affect leaf secondary metabolites. However, exposure to supplemental UV-A had a detrimental effect on whitefly development, fecundity and fertility presumably not mediated by plant cues as compounds implied in pest nutrition – proteins and sugars – were unaltered. |
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1011-1344 |
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CropM |
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MA @ admin @ |
Serial |
4517 |
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Author |
Bodirsky, B.L.; Popp, A.; Lotze-Campen, H.; Dietrich, J.P.; Rolinski, S.; Weindl, I.; Schmitz, C.; Müller, C.; Bonsch, M.; Humpenöder, F.; Biewald, A.; Stevanovic, M. |
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Title |
Reactive nitrogen requirements to feed the world in 2050 and potential to mitigate nitrogen pollution |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Nature Communications |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nat. Comm. |
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Volume |
5 |
Issue |
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Pages |
3858 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Crops, Agricultural/metabolism/*supply & distribution; Environmental Pollution/*prevention & control; *Food Supply; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Nitrogen Fixation; *Population Growth; Reactive Nitrogen Species/*supply & distribution |
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Abstract |
Reactive nitrogen (Nr) is an indispensable nutrient for agricultural production and human alimentation. Simultaneously, agriculture is the largest contributor to Nr pollution, causing severe damages to human health and ecosystem services. The trade-off between food availability and Nr pollution can be attenuated by several key mitigation options, including Nr efficiency improvements in crop and animal production systems, food waste reduction in households and lower consumption of Nr-intensive animal products. However, their quantitative mitigation potential remains unclear, especially under the added pressure of population growth and changes in food consumption. Here we show by model simulations, that under baseline conditions, Nr pollution in 2050 can be expected to rise to 102-156% of the 2010 value. Only under ambitious mitigation, does pollution possibly decrease to 36-76% of the 2010 value. Air, water and atmospheric Nr pollution go far beyond critical environmental thresholds without mitigation actions. Even under ambitious mitigation, the risk remains that thresholds are exceeded. |
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2041-1723 |
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MA @ admin @ |
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4513 |
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Author |
Morales, I.; Diaz, B.M.; Hermoso De Mendoza, A.; Nebreda, M.; Fereres, A. |
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Title |
The Development of an Economic Threshold for Nasonovia ribisnigri (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Lettuce in Central Spain |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
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Journal of Economic Entomology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Econ. Entomol. |
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106 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
891-898 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Aphids/*physiology; Insect Control/economics/methods; Insecticides/administration & dosage; Lettuce/*growth & development; Nitriles/administration & dosage; Nonlinear Dynamics; Population Density; Pyrethrins/administration & dosage; Seasons; Spain |
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This study reports economic thresholds for the lettuce aphid Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley), based exclusively on cosmetic damage, that is, presence or absence of aphids at harvest time. Field trials were conducted in La Poveda Experimental Farm, Madrid (Spain) during autumn (2004 and 2005) and spring (2005 and 2006). Plants were arranged in plots and just before the formation of lettuce hearts they were infested with different densities of N. ribisnigri. Two days later, half of each plot was treated with tau-fluvalinate (Klartan24AF) and the other half remained as an untreated control. Economic thresholds were obtained from nonlinear regressions calculated between the percentage of commercial plants at the end of the crop cycle for both, treated and untreated semiplots, and the different initial densities of N. ribisnigri per plant. Two criteria were used to consider a commercial lettuce plant: a conservative estimate (0 aphids/plant) and a lax one (< 5 aphids/plant). Thus, an economic threshold was established for each season and criterium. The economic thresholds that were obtained with the most and least conservative criteria were in spring 0.06 and 0.12 aphids per plant, and in autumn 0.07 and 0.13 aphids per plant, respectively. These results show that to avoid cosmetic damage, insecticide sprays are required when a very low aphid density is detected in lettuce seedlings soon after transplant. |
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0022-0493 |
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CropM |
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MA @ admin @ |
Serial |
4497 |
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Author |
Legarrea, S.; Betancourt, M.; Plaza, M.; Fraile, A.; García-Arenal, F.; Fereres, A. |
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Title |
Dynamics of nonpersistent aphid-borne viruses in lettuce crops covered with UV-absorbing nets |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Virus Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Virus Res. |
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Volume |
165 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
1-8 |
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Keywords |
Absorption; Animals; Aphids/growth & development/radiation effects/*virology; Insect Control/instrumentation/*methods; Insect Vectors/growth & development/radiation effects/*virology; Lettuce/parasitology/*virology; Plant Diseases/prevention & control/*virology; Plant Viruses/*physiology; Protective Devices/virology; Ultraviolet Rays |
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Abstract |
Aphid-transmitted viruses frequently cause severe epidemics in lettuce grown under Mediterranean climates. Spatio-temporal dynamics of aphid-transmitted viruses and its vector were studied on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown under tunnels covered by two types of nets: a commercial UV-absorbing net (Bionet) and a Standard net. A group of plants infected by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, family Bromoviridae, genus Cucumovirus) and Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV, family Potyviridae, genus Potyvirus) was transplanted in each plot. The same virus-infected source plants were artificially infested by the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). Secondary spread of insects was weekly monitored and plants were sampled for the detection of viruses every two weeks. In 2008, the infection rate of both CMV and LMV were lower under the Bionet than under the Standard cover, probably due to the lower population density and lower dispersal rate achieved by M. euphorbiae. However, during spring of 2009, significant differences in the rate of infection between the two covers were only found for LMV six weeks after transplant. The spatial distribution of the viruses analysed by SADIE methodology was “at random”, and it was not associated to the spatial pattern of the vector. The results obtained are discussed analyzing the wide range of interactions that occurred among UV-radiation, host plant, viruses, insect vector and environmental conditions. Our results show that UV-absorbing nets can be recommended as a component of an integrated disease management program to reduce secondary spread of lettuce viruses, although not as a control measure on its own. |
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0168-1702 |
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MA @ admin @ |
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4475 |
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Author |
Vitali, A.; Felici, A.; Esposito, S.; Bernabucci, U.; Bertocchi, L.; Maresca, C.; Nardone, A.; Lacetera, N. |
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Title |
The effect of heat waves on dairy cow mortality |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Journal of Dairy Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Dairy Sci. |
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98 |
Issue |
7 |
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4572-4579 |
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Animal Welfare; Animals; Cattle; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Heat Stress Disorders/*mortality; *Hot Temperature; Italy/epidemiology; Logistic Models; *Movement; Retrospective Studies; Seasons; dairy cow; global warming; heat wave; mortality; welfare |
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This study investigated the mortality of dairy cows during heat waves. Mortality data (46,610 cases) referred to dairy cows older than 24 mo that died on a farm from all causes from May 1 to September 30 during a 6-yr period (2002-2007). Weather data were obtained from 12 weather stations located in different areas of Italy. Heat waves were defined for each weather station as a period of at least 3 consecutive days, from May 1 to September 30 (2002-2007), when the daily maximum temperature exceeded the 90th percentile of the reference distribution (1971-2000). Summer days were classified as days in heat wave (HW) or not in heat wave (nHW). Days in HW were numbered to evaluate the relationship between mortality and length of the wave. Finally, the first 3 nHW days after the end of a heat wave were also considered to account for potential prolonged effects. The mortality risk was evaluated using a case-crossover design. A conditional logistic regression model was used to calculate odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for mortality recorded in HW compared with that recorded in nHW days pooled and stratified by duration of exposure, age of cows, and month of occurrence. Dairy cows mortality was greater during HW compared with nHW days. Furthermore, compared with nHW days, the risk of mortality continued to be higher during the 3 d after the end of HW. Mortality increased with the length of the HW. Considering deaths stratified by age, cows up to 28 mo were not affected by HW, whereas all the other age categories of older cows (29-60, 61-96, and >96 mo) showed a greater mortality when exposed to HW. The risk of death during HW was higher in early summer months. In particular, the highest risk of mortality was observed during June HW. Present results strongly support the implementation of adaptation strategies which may limit heat stress-related impairment of animal welfare and economic losses in dairy cow farm during HW. |
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2016-06-01 |
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0022-0302 |
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LiveM, ft_macsur |
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MA @ admin @ |
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4744 |
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