Abstract: Crop models are important tools for impact assessment of climate change, as well as for  exploring management options under current climate. It is essential to evaluate the  uncertainty associated with predictions of these models. Several ways of quantifying  prediction uncertainty have been explored in the literature, but there have been no  studies of how the different approaches are related to one another, and how they are  related to some overall measure of prediction uncertainty. Here we show that all the  different approaches can be related to two different viewpoints about the model; either  the model is treated as a fixed predictor with some average error, or the model can be  treated as a random variable with uncertainty in one or more of model structure, model  inputs and model parameters. We discuss the differences, and show how mean squared  error of prediction can be estimated in both cases. The results can be used to put  uncertainty estimates into a more general framework and to relate different uncertainty  estimates to one another and to overall prediction uncertainty. This should lead to a  better understanding of crop model prediction uncertainty and the underlying causes of  that uncertainty. This study was published as (Wallach et al. 2016)

Abstract: Climate change is noticed and well established phenomenon, described as change in the statistical properties of the climate system, considered over long period of time, regardless of cause (Houghton, 1996). This change has been monitored on global (Rosenzweig et al., 1994; Harrison et al., 1995; Wolf et al., 1995; Watson et al., 1996; Downing et al., 2000; Sathaye et al., 1997; Sirotenko et al., 1997) and regional scale (Alexandrov et al., 2002; Lalic et al., 2012; Vučetić, 2011) by researchers, organizations and part of various programmes (IPCC, UNESCO Climate Change Initiative). In a same time, it was analysed change in agroclimatic indices, soil and water balance, crop development and yield, that quantify climate change impact on agricultural production. In recent regional studies and research projects (COST 734, 2008; ADAGIO, 2009), it was estimated and quantified climate change impact on yield and development in crop production of Central and Eastern European countries and Mediterranean region. The research showed a decrease in yield in several major crops, important in national food production and part of economy. A high variability in yield from year to year and decrease in yield was showed for most cereals.