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Rötter, R.P.; Appiah, M.; Fichtler, E.; Kersebaum, K.C.; Trnka, M.; Hoffmann, M.P. |
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Title |
Linking modelling and experimentation to better capture crop impacts of agroclimatic extremes-A review |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
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Field Crops Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
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221 |
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142-156 |
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ft_macsur; Agroclimatic extremes; Crop model; Heat; Drought; Heavy rain; Anthropogenic Climate-Change; Head-Emergence Frost; Weather Extremes; Wheat Yields; Temperature Variability; Induced Sterility; Food Security; Soil-Moisture; Plant-Growth; Winter-Wheat |
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Abstract ![sorted by Abstract field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Climate change implies higher frequency and magnitude of agroclimatic extremes threatening plant production and the provision of other ecosystem services. This review is motivated by a mismatch between advances made regarding deeper understanding of abiotic stress physiology and its incorporation into ecophysiological models in order to more accurately quantifying the impacts of extreme events at crop system or higher aggregation levels. Adverse agroclimatic extremes considered most detrimental to crop production include drought, heat, heavy rains/hail and storm, flooding and frost, and, in particular, combinations of them. Our core question is: How have and could empirical data be exploited to improve the capability of widely used crop simulation models in assessing crop impacts of key agroclimatic extremes for the globally most important grain crops? To date there is no comprehensive review synthesizing available knowledge for a broad range of extremes, grain crops and crop models as a basis for identifying research gaps and prospects. To address these issues, we selected eight major grain crops and performed three systematic reviews using SCOPUS for period 1995-2016. Furthermore, we amended/complemented the reviews manually and performed an in-depth analysis using a sub-sample of papers. Results show that by far the majority of empirical studies (1631 out of 1772) concentrate on the three agroclimatic extremes drought, heat and heavy rain and on the three major staples wheat, maize and rice (1259 out of 1772); the concentration on just a few has increased over time. With respect to modelling studies two model families, i.e. CERES-DSSAT and APSIM, are dearly dominating for wheat and maize; for rice, ORYZA2000 and CERES-Rice predominate and are equally strong. For crops other than maize and wheat the number of studies is small. Empirical and modelling papers don’t differ much in the proportions the various extreme events are dealt with drought and heat stress together account for approx. 80% of the studies. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of papers, especially after 2010. As a way forward, we suggest to have very targeted and well-designed experiments on the specific crop impacts of a given extreme as well as of combinations of them. This in particular refers to extremes addressed with insufficient specificity (e.g. drought) or being under-researched in relation to their economic importance (heavy rains/storm and flooding). Furthermore, we strongly recommend extending research to crops other than wheat, maize and rice. |
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MA @ admin @ |
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5199 |
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Legarrea, S.; Betancourt, M.; Plaza, M.; Fraile, A.; García-Arenal, F.; Fereres, A. |
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Title |
Dynamics of nonpersistent aphid-borne viruses in lettuce crops covered with UV-absorbing nets |
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Journal Article |
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2012 |
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Virus Research |
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Virus Res. |
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165 |
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1 |
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1-8 |
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Absorption; Animals; Aphids/growth & development/radiation effects/*virology; Insect Control/instrumentation/*methods; Insect Vectors/growth & development/radiation effects/*virology; Lettuce/parasitology/*virology; Plant Diseases/prevention & control/*virology; Plant Viruses/*physiology; Protective Devices/virology; Ultraviolet Rays |
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Abstract ![sorted by Abstract field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Aphid-transmitted viruses frequently cause severe epidemics in lettuce grown under Mediterranean climates. Spatio-temporal dynamics of aphid-transmitted viruses and its vector were studied on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown under tunnels covered by two types of nets: a commercial UV-absorbing net (Bionet) and a Standard net. A group of plants infected by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, family Bromoviridae, genus Cucumovirus) and Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV, family Potyviridae, genus Potyvirus) was transplanted in each plot. The same virus-infected source plants were artificially infested by the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). Secondary spread of insects was weekly monitored and plants were sampled for the detection of viruses every two weeks. In 2008, the infection rate of both CMV and LMV were lower under the Bionet than under the Standard cover, probably due to the lower population density and lower dispersal rate achieved by M. euphorbiae. However, during spring of 2009, significant differences in the rate of infection between the two covers were only found for LMV six weeks after transplant. The spatial distribution of the viruses analysed by SADIE methodology was “at random”, and it was not associated to the spatial pattern of the vector. The results obtained are discussed analyzing the wide range of interactions that occurred among UV-radiation, host plant, viruses, insect vector and environmental conditions. Our results show that UV-absorbing nets can be recommended as a component of an integrated disease management program to reduce secondary spread of lettuce viruses, although not as a control measure on its own. |
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0168-1702 |
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CropM |
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MA @ admin @ |
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4475 |
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Comadira, G.; Rasool, B.; Karpinska, B.; Morris, J.; Verrall, S.R.; Hedley, P.E.; Foyer, C.H.; Hancock, R.D. |
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Nitrogen deficiency in barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings induces molecular and metabolic adjustments that trigger aphid resistance |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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Journal of Experimental Botany |
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J. Experim. Bot. |
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66 |
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12 |
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3639-3655 |
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Animals; Aphids/drug effects/*physiology; Biomass; Carbon/pharmacology; Chlorophyll/metabolism; Cluster Analysis; *Disease Resistance/drug effects; Gases/metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects; Hordeum/drug effects/genetics/*parasitology; Nitrogen/*deficiency/metabolism/pharmacology; Oxidation-Reduction/drug effects; Photosynthesis/drug effects; Plant Diseases/genetics/*parasitology; Plant Leaves/drug effects/genetics/metabolism; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism; Plant Shoots/drug effects/metabolism; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism; Secondary Metabolism/drug effects; Seedlings/drug effects/*metabolism/*parasitology; Signal Transduction/drug effects; Thylakoids/drug effects/metabolism/parasitology; Transcription Factors/metabolism; Transcriptome/genetics; Cross-tolerance; Myzus persicae; kinase cascades; metabolite profiles; nitrogen limitation; oxidative stress; sugar signalling |
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Agricultural nitrous oxide (N2O) pollution resulting from the use of synthetic fertilizers represents a significant contribution to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, providing a rationale for reduced use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers. Nitrogen limitation results in extensive systems rebalancing that remodels metabolism and defence processes. To analyse the regulation underpinning these responses, barley (Horedeum vulgare) seedlings were grown for 7 d under N-deficient conditions until net photosynthesis was 50% lower than in N-replete controls. Although shoot growth was decreased there was no evidence for the induction of oxidative stress despite lower total concentrations of N-containing antioxidants. Nitrogen-deficient barley leaves were rich in amino acids, sugars and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. In contrast to N-replete leaves one-day-old nymphs of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) failed to reach adulthood when transferred to N-deficient barley leaves. Transcripts encoding cell, sugar and nutrient signalling, protein degradation and secondary metabolism were over-represented in N-deficient leaves while those associated with hormone metabolism were similar under both nutrient regimes with the exception of mRNAs encoding proteins involved in auxin metabolism and responses. Significant similarities were observed between the N-limited barley leaf transcriptome and that of aphid-infested Arabidopsis leaves. These findings not only highlight significant similarities between biotic and abiotic stress signalling cascades but also identify potential targets for increasing aphid resistance with implications for the development of sustainable agriculture. |
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2016-10-31 |
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0022-0957 1460-2431 |
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CropM |
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MA @ admin @ |
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4787 |
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